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Suffixes

Kazakh builds meaning by adding endings to the end of a word

How suffixes work

Kazakh uses vowel harmony: a suffix has a back-vowel form (а, ы, о, ұ) and a front-vowel form (е, і, ө, ү, ә), and you pick the one that matches the last vowel of the word. Consonants also change the suffix's first letter, as the tables show. Forms in the tables are the standard ones; a few words have irregular changes, so check new words in a dictionary.

Plural

The word ends…AddExamples
after a vowel, л, р, й, у-лар / -лербала → балалар, үй → үйлер
after м, н, ң, or a voiced consonant (б в г ғ д ж з)-дар / -дерадам → адамдар, күн → күндер
after a voiceless consonant (қ к п с т ш ч ф х ц һ)-тар / -теркітап → кітаптар, дос → достар

Seven cases

Example word: үй (house). The right form depends on the final sound of the word.

CaseSuffixExampleMeaning
Nominative(none)үйhouse
Genitive (of)-дың/-дің, -тың/-тің, -ның/-ніңүйдіңof the house
Dative (to)-ға/-ге, -қа/-кеүйгеto the house
Accusative (the, object)-ды/-ді, -ты/-ті, -ны/-ніүйдіthe house
Locative (in / at)-да/-де, -та/-теүйдеin the house
Ablative (from)-дан/-ден, -тан/-тен, -нан/-ненүйденfrom the house
Instrumental (with / by)-мен/-бен/-пенүйменwith the house

Cases on a vowel-ending word

KazakhSay itEnglish
балаba-lachild
баланыңba-la-nyñof the child
балағаba-la-ghato the child
баланыba-la-nythe child (object)
баладаba-la-daat the child
баладанba-la-danfrom the child
баламенba-la-menwith the child

My, your, his, our

OwnerSuffixExampleEnglish
my-ым/-ім · after a vowel: -мменің үйімmy house
your-ың/-ің · after a vowel: -ңсенің үйіңyour house
his / her-ы/-і · after a vowel: -сы/-сіоның үйіhis/her house
our-ымыз/-іміз · after a vowel: -мыз/-мізбіздің үйімізour house

"I am…" endings

Kazakh has no word for "am / are / is" in the present: an ending on the noun does the job.

PronounEndingExampleEnglish
мен-мын/-мін/-бын/-бін/-пын/-пінмұғаліммінI am a teacher
сен-сың/-сіңмұғалімсіңyou are a teacher
сіз-сыз/-сізмұғалімсізyou (formal) are a teacher
ол(none)мұғалімhe/she is a teacher
біз-быз/-біз/-пыз/-піз/-мыз/-мізмұғаліммызwe are teachers